Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade

Depending on how old you are, you might read 38 °C as 38 degrees Celsius or 38 degrees centigrade. Why are there two names for  °C and whats the difference? Heres the answer: Celsius and centigrade are two names for essentially the same temperature scale (with slight differences). The centigrade scale is divided into degrees based on dividing the temperature between which water freezes and boils into 100 equal gradients or degrees. The word centigrade comes from centi- for 100 and grade for gradients. The centigrade scale was introduced in 1744 and remained the primary scale of temperature until 1948. In 1948 the CGPM (Conference General des Poids et Measures) decided to standardize several units of measurement, including the temperature scale. Since the grade was in use as a unit (including the centigrade), a new name was chosen for the temperature scale: Celsius. Key Takeaways: Celsius vs. Centigrade The Celsius scale is a type of centigrade scale.A centigrade scale has 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water.The original Celsius scale actually had a boiling point of 0 degrees and freezing point of 100 degrees. It ran in the opposite direction of the modern scale! The Celsius scale remains a centigrade scale in which there are 100 degrees from the freezing point (0 °C) and boiling point (100 °C) of water, though the size of the degree has been more precisely defined. A degree Celsius (or a Kelvin) is what you get when divide the thermodynamic range between absolute zero and the triple point of a specific type of water into 273.16 equal parts. There is a 0.01 °C difference between the triple point of water and the freezing point of water at standard pressure. Interesting Facts About Celsius and Centigrade The temperature scale created by Anders Celsius in 1742 was actually the reverse of the modern Celsius scale. Celsius original scale had water boil at 0 degrees and freeze at 100 degrees. Jean-Pierre Christin independently proposed at a temperature scale with zero at the freezing point of water and 100 was the boiling point (1743). Celsius original scale was reversed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1744, the year in which Celsius died. The centigrade scale was confusing because centigrade was also the Spanish and French term for a unit of angular measurement equal to 1/100 of a right angle. When the scale was extended from 0 to 100 degrees for temperature, centigrade was more properly hectograde. The public was largely unaffected by the confusion. Even though the degree Celsius was adopted by international committees in 1948, weather forecasts issued by the BBC continued to use degrees centigrade until February 1985!

Analysis Of The Book The Complete Persepolis - 2283 Words

Introduction Benjamin Cardozo, an American jurist, said â€Å"Freedom of expression is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom.† In The Complete Persepolis, it is clearly seen that when a standard is set for women’s attire, restrictions of other freedoms come along with it. Throughout the book, the author, Marjane Satrapi, recounts her life in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and the difficulties she encountered. She struggled with restricted freedoms, strict religious rule, and a sense of statelessness. In the opening illustrations, she describes her childhood and her transition from a secular school to one that was religious and separated by gender. At this time it had become law for a woman to wear the veil, or head scarf when in public. Satrapi talks of how she â€Å"didn’t like to wear the veil, especially since [she] didn’t understand why [she] had to†(Satrapi 3). The wearing of the veil is par t of the Islamic faith that became enforced by the government and the Guardians of the Revolution, after the Islamic Revolution. Satrapi relates the story of her life and give the reader much insight into the life of an Iranian woman. The Complete Persepolis serves as a narrative of Iranian history from the eyes of a common citizen, and through these narratives the link between â€Å"women† and â€Å"religion†, along with its construction and political significance, is exemplified. Review of Literature While I will pull from other sources, theShow MoreRelatedPersepolis : The Invisible Art Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPersepolis In graphic memoir Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi illustrates the eventful life of Marji, an Iranian girl’s living most of her life in Tehran, Iran during the Islamic Revolution. The author commences her story as child and creates a timeline of series of events as she enters adulthood. Marji, represents many disenfranchise women, as she faces discrimination, exile, and confusion in her own country. Uniquely, Starapi’s work can be a justification to prove Scott McCloud’s design theories inRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi2268 Words   |  10 Pages Review of Literature While I will pull from other sources, the main focus of this paper will be The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi. Throughout this graphic novel, Satrapi tells her life story and what it was like growing up in Iran. In the opening illustrations, she describes her childhood and her transition from a secular school to one that was religious and separated by gender. At this time it had become law for a woman to wear the veil, or head scarf when in public. Iran transitionedRead MoreRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pagesclaim the imaginative projection of an author so much as the legal protection of property in the form of the copyright. Finally, view registers this singularity, this focal point, as one moment in a complex representation of the world, a kind of complete topographical atlas. For the physical space within which the views were kept was invariably a cabinet in whose drawers were catalogued and stored a whole geographical system. Th e file cabinet is very different as an object from the wall or the

Learning Organization Journal of Business Communication

Question: Discuss about theLearning Organizationfor Journal of Business Communication. Answer: Introduction In this article, the author highlights the importance of upholding and availing rules and guidelines that would make management easier. He also highlights the actions that can be implemented with the aim of assisting in the development of a learning organization. The essay aims at finding answers to critical questions normally raised by managers. This entails defining an organization by outlining benefits of the environment and possible actions to be carried out to in order to present the environment as an arena for learning in addition to the achievement of other organizational goals (Barker and Camarata, 2008). The authors main area of focus is on the level to which an organization may establish an appropriate environment for growth and development of then workers through a careful management of the various organizational tranistions. Objectives A learning organization is one equipped with acquisition, creation and transfer of knowledge in addition to the ability to modify behavior to improve the effectiveness of workers towards the achievement of goals. The author had the following objectives: To develop and depict an organization as a type of a learning environment. This aids in focusing on some of the details on building a successful learning organization. This aspect depicts an organization as a learning environment. To identify the various management approaches used by organizations, this singles them out from other organizations. Research indicates that the success of an organization is largely tied on the effectiveness with which the human resource is managed To identify and discuss supportive organizational designs needed for proper organizational performance. This approach involves describing the effective elements which curve out an organization as a learning environment. To identify and discuss key competencies of employees. These abilities form the basis of an organizations performance and ability to achieve goals. Approach These are philosophical axioms or correlative assumptions used to develop the theme of an article. It is simply a way of dealing with something. Dr. Swee C. Goh has used an approach of asking and answering questions. By asking what a learning organization is, he defines his starting point and the goals if the essay. A second approach used is by asking whether the goals intended to be achieved by the organization are long term or short term (Bernhard, 2008). Being a long-term result oriented, the company develops a competitive edge as time goes by and therefore needs consistency in the management approaches, effort as well as commitment. The other approach is reviewing a set of published articles and books in the learning organization. In his approach of trying to answer questions, companies like Motorola, Honda, Sony and Nortel among others were used as cites to confirm that organizations maximize their competitive levels during good financial periods and carefully manage them when the organization is experiencing challenges. This makes them to be highly envied by their competitors. Summary of Methodology This is the practical aspect of gathering information and finding solutions. The findings from the article reveal the fact that the author used various methodological approaches in obtaining, analysis and interpreting data. First the author used survey which involved studying of sample companies. The research used Motorola, shell, xerox, was mart, British petroleum, Honda, Nortel and analog devices. The information from the cited companies was used to answer tactical questions and draw effective conclusions. The second approach involved review of relevant literature. In order to address the research question, the author performed a literature review of various books and articles comprising research which handled the aspect of organizational learning. By analyzing books of different researchers like David Garvin, Senge, Mohrman, and Kiernan on the same issue, a well detailed conclusion was drawn (Carliss, 2000). The third approach was the use of direct interviews. He conducted interviews with the senior managers and engaged them into detailed discussions to gather information. This was effective as he was able to gather the first hand information and see for himself from the ground. There was also the use of questionnaires and direct interaction with the employees. Focusing on the employees and getting feedback from them was paramount on his findings. According to my understanding, he could have given the questionnaires to the employees and analyzed the feedback he got from them or he could engage them in one in one discussions. Essential Conclusions From his findings, he concluded that organizational learning is a possible process hence those who learn more tend to succeed more in their endeavors (Cohen, 2008). In order to enhance the learning environment, the managers may be required to set up specific approaches and conditions. This may involve management of human resource through transfer of knowledge as well as an adequate sharing of the key organizational goals with the employees. Such approaches improve learning in an organization (Cohen and Sproull, 2009). To enhance learning, an organization needs to identify and uphold the internal drivers. Five core strategic building blocks can be argued from this review as was concluded by majority of the writers and researchers. Although they are represented as different entities, the building blocks are interdependent and mutually support one another. First of all, the organizational mission as well as its vision ought to be as clear as possible. The employees are therefore required to not only uphold the values and strategies but also support them (Easterby-Smith, Crossan and Nicolini, 2000). This strategy building block ensures that the employees extend themselves to take responsibilities and apply their special talents A good organizational structure would ensure that the day to day activities are properly aligned to the key goals and objectives of the organization. The second aspect involves sharing of leadership. This approach empowers the employees and enhances the establishment of a good culture. The employees are motivated to take risk and be in a position to deal with the uncertainties associated with business operation (Huber, 2009). This needs managers to be seen as coaches not controllers. When leadership is shared, the aspect of rank does not particularly affect operations. Through this approach, the leaders are required to offer the employees adequate information to aid in the identification of opportunities (Papa, Daniels and Spiker, 2008). Leaders should accept criticism willingly without taking any offense. Dr. Goh concluded that leadership should involve employees in decision making. This is seen in the Motel Company which frequently trains and organizes workshops for the employees. The managers also participated fully in these workshops, interact freely with the employees and solicit ideas and inputs from them. The third aspect involves encouraging the employees to experiment and identify viable approaches (Schwandt and Marquardt, 2000). The approach requires an evaluation of the current affairs and identifying the areas in need of adjustments. Managers ought to consistently encourage the employees to bring new ideas into their work in a bid to enhance performance. Consequently, there is need for a culture which supports and rewards experimentations. There is also the aspect of knowledge management. An organization can enhance learning through careful approaches in which knowledge is disseminated and transferred from one employee to another through appropriate platforms (Senge, 2004). This can be achieved through seminars, exhibitions and trainings where the employees interact and exchange knowledge and skills. Benchmarking processes as developed by Xerox are good examples of ways in which knowledge transfer is encouraged. The other aspect involves good team work as well as cooperation from employees. Unity and team work among workers is a key strategic building block. The workers are able to share their skills by collectively taking part in responsibilities. For instance in the Honda Company, employees are training on various areas hence can easily rotate their responsibilities which improves effectiveness. The five strategies discussed above require two major supportive foundations. To begin with, there is need for a proper organizational design. It ought to be clear and simple characterized with less but effective procedures. Research reveals that an organization with a good structure tends to uphold a good learning environment. (Wang and Ahmed, 2003). In addition, an organizational structure which places the employees close to the decision makers enhances motivation and the overall output. This is because the structure allows an easy management flow of information as well as procedures. In a nut shell, the foundational blocks discussed above would work effectively in a flat organizational structure with minimal hierarchical levels. In line with the aspect of competencies and skills of employees, research indicates that these abilities can be adequately harnessed through training and development (Kofman and Senge, 2009). Through training and appropriate opportunities, the employees are given a chance to not only show case their abilities but also improve on individual skills. Conclusion The author highlights the aspects discussed above as key factors which enhance learning in organizations. Their presence is vital in the implementation of the learning capabilities in an organization. The archetypes presented describe specific strategies and foundations building blocks and measurement required to develop an organization as a learning environment. Consequently, managers ought to take the right steps and implement effective approaches which would ensure that learning is enhanced within an organization as much as possible. With proper learning and improvement, an organization raises its competitiveness and hence general performance. References Barker, R. and Camarata, M. (2008) The role of communication in creating and maintaining a learning organization: preconditions, indicators, and disciplines, The Journal of Business Communication, 35 (4), pp. 443-467. Bernhard, H. (2008) Six lessons for the corporate classroom. Harvard Business Review, 66(5), pp. 12-56. Carliss Y. (2000) Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Cohen, M. (2008) Productivity and Efficiency in Human Service Organizations as related to Structure, size and Age. The Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 21--37. Cohen, M. and Sproull, L. (2009) Introduction: Special Issues on organizational learning. Organisation Science. 2(1), pp. 23-25. Easterby-Smith, M., Crossan, M., and Nicolini, D. (2000) Organizational learning: debates past, present and future. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (6), pp. 783-796. Huber, G. (2009) Organizational Learning: the contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science. 1(2), pp. 88- 115. Papa, M., Daniels, T. and Spiker, B. (2008) Organizational Communication: Perspectives and Trends. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Schwandt, R. and Marquardt, J. (2000) Organizational Learning. Boca Raton: St. Lucie Press. Senge, P. (2004) The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook. New York: Currency Doubleday. Wang, C.L. and Ahmed, P. (2003) Organizational learning: a critical review. The learning organization, 10 (1), pp. 8-17 Kofman, F. and Senge, P. (2009) Communities of commitment: The heart of learning Organizations. Organizational Dynamics. 22 (2), pp. 5 23.